Variational formulation of gradient irreversible thermodynamics
Author details
- Institute of Applied Mechanics of RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Institute of Applied Mechanics of RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation
Abstract
This work proposes the elaboration of the variational principle of L.I. Sedov for modeling dissipative processes. The formulated variational principle makes it possible to propose the dis- sipative models using the known model of a reversible process (the known Lagrangian), adding the required number of dissipation channels. Dissipation channels are non-integrable variational forms that are linear in the variations of the arguments. The arguments of the dissipation chan- nels are the generalized variables of the corresponding bilinear terms of the Lagrangian. Varia- tional models of heat transfer processes are considered as examples. The paper introduces the thermal potential, which is taken as the main kinematic variable. The temperature and heat flux are determined from the expression of the possible work done on variations of the first deriva- tives of the thermal potential, by analogy with continuum mechanics, where internal forces do the possible work on the strain variations. The equations of heat conduction laws of the considered heat transfer models are obtained as compatibility equations by eliminating the thermal potential from the equations of constitutive relations for temperature and heat flow. It is shown that the proposed procedure for elaboration of the dissipative models makes it possible to obtain the laws of thermal conductivity of Fourier, Maxwell – Cattaneo, Gaer – Krumhalski, Jeffrey and more general laws of thermal conductivity. For the simplest heat transfer model, a single dissipation channel was introduced, which made it possible to obtain a heat transfer equation containing the second and first time derivatives. This model takes into account the wave properties and dissipation by the diffusion mechanism. In a particular case, it is re- duced to the classical model of heat conduction. For more general gradient models of heat trans- fer, additional dissipation channels are sequentially introduced. In accordance with the differential order of the heat balance equation, the variational method makes it possible to formulate a con- sistent spectrum of boundary conditions at each non-singular point of the surface. In addition, for a boundary value problem in time, the variational principle determines pairs of alternative condi- tions at the initial and final times of the process under consideration.
Keywords
ВАРИАЦИОННАЯ ФОРМУЛИРОВКА ГРАДИЕНТНОЙ НЕОБРАТИМОЙ ТЕРМОДИНАМИКИ
Предложено развитие вариационного принципа Л.И. Седова для моделирования дис- сипативных процессов. Сформулированный вариационный принцип дает возможность по известной модели обратимого процесса (известному лагранжиану) строить диссипативные модели, добавляя необходимое количество каналов диссипации. Каналами диссипации названы неинтегрируемые вариационные формы, линейные по вариациям аргументов. Аргументами каналов диссипации являются обобщенные переменные соответствующих билинейных слагаемых лагранжиана. В качестве примеров рассматриваются вариацион- ные модели процессов теплообмена. В работе вводится термический потенциал, который принимается за основную «кинематическую» переменную. Температура и тепловой поток определяются из выражения возможной работы, совершаемой на вариациях первых про- изводных от термического потенциала по аналогии с механикой сплошных сред, где внут- ренние усилия совершают возможную работу на вариациях деформаций. Уравнения зако- нов теплопроводности рассматриваемых моделей теплообмена получены как уравнения совместности путем исключения термического потенциала из уравнений определяющих соотношений для температуры и теплового потока. Показано, что предлагаемая процеду- ра построения диссипативных моделей позволяет получить законы теплопроводности Фурье, Максвелла – Каттанео, Гаера – Крумхаксля, Джеффри и более общие законы теп- лопроводности. Для наиболее простой модели теплообмена введен единственный канал диссипации, который позволит получить уравнение теплообмена, содержащее вторые и первые производные по времени. Эта модель учитывает волновые свойства и диссипацию по диффузионному механизму. В частном случае она редуцируется к классической модели теплопроводности. Для более общих градиентных моделей теплообмена вводятся после- довательно дополнительные каналы диссипации. В соответствии с дифференциальным порядком уравнения баланса тепла, вариационный метод позволяет формулировать со- гласованный спектр граничных условий в каждой неособенной точке поверхности. Кроме того, для краевой задачи по времени вариационный принцип определяет пары альтерна- тивных условий в начальном и конечном моментах времени рассматриваемого процесса.
Ключевые слова
Bibliography
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Article information
- Published
- 4 December 2023
- Issue date
- 4 December 2023
- Issue
- No. 5 (2023)