Engineering and Geocryological Monitoring of Permafrost Rocks to Ensure Safe Operation of the Offshore Oil Loading Complex in the Arctic

Denis V. Burkov, Marsel G. Gubaidullin, Anton V. Kalashnikov, Olesia V. Kraineva, Nina V. Bagretsova

Author details

Denis V. Burkov
Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation; Varandey terminal, Iskateley settlement, Russian Federation
Marsel G. Gubaidullin
Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation; N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation)
Anton V. Kalashnikov
Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation
Olesia V. Kraineva
Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation
Nina V. Bagretsova
Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation

https://doi.org/10.15593/2712-8008/2025.1.3

Oil production in the Arctic is associated with the risk of accidental oil spills. In this regard, the sensitivity of the Arctic environment to oil pollution and its extremely low resilience are of growing concern. Apparently an effective environmental management system is needed to ensure safe operation of the petroleum facilities in this area. The article presents a case study of the Varandey terminal, which is a unique facility located beyond the Arctic Circle, in the permafrost zone, on the coast of the Barents Sea. The terminal combines an onshore tank farm, an offshore loading facility and an underwater pipeline connecting them. The extreme environment of the Far North (permafrost, low temperatures, long high water floods) complicates the engineering and geological conditions of the oil infrastructure facilities. Their safe operation is largely determined by the structural features of the upper part of the terrain and its stability. What in its turn, depends on the permafrost condition. Changes in the thermal regime of the frozen rocks in the foundation of the facilities during their operation trigger dangerous engineering and geocryological processes. As practice has shown, now and then it leads to emergencies at the petroleum facilities with severe logistical, environmental, social, financial and economic consequences. Working out a technology to control the thermal regime of the foundation soils to ensure reliable and safe operation of the engineering facilities of the coastal and marine oil loading complex is among the most essential and pressing necessities of the petroleum industry in the region. Engineering and geocryological monitoring is one of the effective tools to address this issue. It also allows mitigating the potential environmental and economic damage. The conducted research substantiates the relevance of creating a geocryological monitoring system for continuous control over the frozen soils beneath the facilities in order to detect troubles at an early stage of their development. The main elements of the system are presented. Two types of foundations are considered that are designed to maintain the temperature of the soil beneath the facilities within acceptable limits.

Keywords

Pechora SeaVarandey oil-loading terminalpermafrostengineering and geocryological monitoringsubsoil temperaturedesign of the tank foundation

Инженерно-геокриологический мониторинг многолетнемерзлых пород для обеспечения безопасности эксплуатации морского нефтеналивного комплекса в Арктике

Добыча нефти в Арктике сопряжена с рисками аварийных разливов нефти. В этой связи все большую обеспокоенность вызывает чувствительность и крайне низкая устойчивость арктической среды к нефтяному загрязнению. Очевидно, что для обеспечения безопасной эксплуатации объектов нефтегазовой отрасли в этом районе необходима эффективная система управления охраной окружающей среды. В статье рассматривается Варандейский терминал – уникальный объект, расположенный за Полярным кругом в зоне многолетней мерзлоты на поочередных породах моря. Терминал объединяет в себе наземный резервуарный парк, морской наливной комплекс и соединяющий их подводный трубопровод. Экстремальные условия Крайнего Севера (многолетняя мерзлота, низкие температуры, длительные паводки) осложняются изменением геологических условий эксплуатации объектов нефтяной инфраструктуры. Их безопасная эксплуатация во многом определяет степень осебенности строения верхней части геологического разреза и ее устойчивостью. В свою очередь, зависит от состояния многолетней мерзлоты. Изменение теплового режима мерзлых пород в основании объектов в процессе их эксплуатации приводит к возникновению опасных инженерно-геокриологических процессов. Как показывает практика, это время от времени приводит к возникновению аварийных ситуаций на объектах нефтегазового комплекса с тяжелыми логистическими, экологическими, социальными, финансово-экономическими последствиями. Разработка технологии управления тепловым режимом грунтов для обеспечения надежной и безопасной эксплуатации инженерных сооружений берегового и морского нефтеналивного комплекса является одной из важнейших и актуальных потребностей нефтегазовой отрасли региона. Инженерно-геокриологический мониторинг является одним из эффективных инструментов решения этой проблемы. Он также позволяет снизить возможный экологический и экономический ущербы. Проведение испытания обосновывают актуальность создания системы геокриологического мониторинга для непрерывного контроля за состоянием мерзлых грунтов под объектами с целью выявления проблем на ранней стадии их развития. Представлены основные элементы системы. Рассмотрены два типа фундаментов, предназначенных для поддержания температуры грунтов под объектами в допустимых пределах.

Ключевые слова

Печорское мореВарандейский нефтеналивной терминалвечная мерзлотаинженерно-геокриологический мониторингтемпература грунтовпроектирование фундаментов резервуаров

Bibliography

1.Vikhamar Т., Gubaidullin M.G. Northen Gateway Oil Terminal Study. The Proceedings of the Fifth International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conferens. Netherlands, The Hague, 1995, vol. II, pp. 501-506. Scholar
2.Reteyum A.Yu., Gubaidullin M.G., Kazakov A.G., Chernov V.V., Vikhamar T.K. Comparative analysis of options for transporting oil by the Northern Sea Route. Development of the shelf of the Arctic seas of Russia: Abstr. of the Second International Conference. St. Petersburg: Publishing house of S.Pb. GTU, 1995, pp. 270-272. Scholar
3.Kajoyan Yu.S., Gubaidullin M.G. The concept of early oil production in the north of the Timan-Pechora province. Development of the shelf of the Arctic seas of Russia: Proceedings of the 3rd International conference. St. Petersburg, 1997, part 1, pp. 160-166. Scholar
4.Alekperov V.Yu. Development strategy. Journal Oil of Russia, 1999, no. 5, pp. 4-11. Scholar
5.Vakhaev V.G., Gubaidullin M.G., Kozyakova E.S., Burkov D.V. Analysis of the types of foundations for oil reservoirs of the Varandey terminal in order to reduce the impact on permafrost rocks. Problems of development of oil and gas fields in the European North of Russia: Coll. scientific. Arkhangelsk, ASTU, 2007, iss. 2, pp. 13-16. Scholar
6.Melnikov E.S., Grechishchev S.E. Permafrost and the development of oil and gas regions. Moscow, GEOS, 2002, 402 p. Scholar
7.Melnikov P.I., Tolstikhin N.I. General permafrost. Moscow: Nauka, 1974, 291 p. Scholar
8.Kozlov S.A. Conceptual foundations of engineering and geological studies of the West Arctic offshore oil and gas province. Journal Oil and Gas Business, 2006, 46 p. Scholar
9.Sinitsyn A., Guegan E., Kokin O., Vergun A., Udalov L., Ogorodov S. Investigations of coastal erosion processes in Varandey area, Barents Sea. SPE Arctic and Extreme Environments Conference and Exhibition, AEE, 2013, vol. 3, pp. 2083-2099. DOI: 10.2118/166932-MS Scholar
10.Basverfjord M.G., Gylland A., Sinitsyn A., Wold M. Investigations for sustainable foundations in Arctic coastal areas. Geotechnical Engineering for Infrastructure and Development. Proceedings of the XVI European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. ECSMGE, 2015, vol. 3, pp. 1243-1248. Scholar
11.Ershov E.D. General geocryology. Moscow: University Press, 2002, 682 p. Scholar
12.Andreeva I.A., Vanshtein B.G., Zinchenko A.G., Kiiko O.A., Petrova V.I. Landscape-geoecological studies of the Barents Sea as a basis for setting up long-term monitoring. Conceptual problems of geoecological study of the shelf. St. Petersburg: VNII Okeangeologiya, 2000. Scholar
13.Burkov D.V. Assessment of the impact on the environment during oil shipment at the Varandey terminal. Problems of development of oil and gas fields in the European North of Russia. Arkhangelsk: ASTU, 2007, iss. 2, pp. 7-13. Scholar
14.Lukoil’s infographica. Varandey oil export terminal, available at: https://www.behance.net/gallery/10261211/Lukoils-infographica/modules/75150713 (accessed 05 October 2024). Scholar
15.White, T.L. Pipelines in Permafrost and Freezing ground. Engineering resource library and database indexes. Permafrost Environmental Consulting. Ottawa, Canada, 2006, vol. 1, 100 p. Scholar
16.Gubaidullin M.G., Makarskiy N.A., Khamidov B.Kh. Methods for protecting the upper part of the geological environment based on local monitoring during the operation of oil fields in the European North of Russia. Arkhangelsk: NArFU, 2013 168 p. Scholar
17.Gubaidullin M.G., Krainev V.G., Kalashnikov A.V., Burkov D.V. Analysis of measures to ensure the stability of oil and gas facilities in the coastal zone of the Barents Sea. Problems of the development of oil and gas fields in the Arctic region of Russia: materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference (December 17-18, 2020). Arkhangelsk: NArFU, 2020, iss. 3, pp. 3-14. Scholar
18.Appolonov E.M., Nesterov A.B., Timofeev O.Ya. Providing ice strength and safe operation of ships in Russian and freezing seas on the basis of the comprehensive system of formation of fundamental engineering solutions. Trudy TsNII imeni akademika A.N. Krylova, 2008, vol. 39 (323), pp. 69-89. Scholar
19.Appolonov E.M., Sazonov K.E., Timofeev O.Ya. Safe operation of large vessels in the Arctic transport system. Trudy NGTU imeni R.E. Alekseeva, 2010, no. 1 (80), pp. 149-153. Scholar
20.Freeman R. Ice management and impact oil and gas developments on the Grand Banks. 1st Annual Atlantic Petroleum R&D Forum. C-Core Ice Management Framework, 2007. Scholar
21.Crocker G. et al. An assessment of current iceberg management capabilities. Contract Report for National Research Council Canada, Prepared by C-CORE & B. Wright and Associated Ltd. C-CORE Publications 98-C26, 1998, 105 p. DOI: 10.4224/40000434 Scholar
22.Weeks W.F., Mellor M. Weeks W.F. Some elements of iceberg technology. Ed. A.A. Husseiny. Iceberg Utilization. New York: Pergamon Press, 1977, pp. 45-98. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-022916-4.50015-7 Scholar
23.Bishop G. Assessment of iceberg management for the Grand-Banks area: Analysis of detection and detection techniques, Mobil Oil Canada Properties. Property Development Department, 1989. Scholar
24.Bruneau A., Dempster R., Peters R. Iceberg towing for oil rig avoidance. Iceberg Utilization. New York: Pergamon Press, 1977, pp. 379-388. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08022916-4.50038-8 Scholar
25.Anderson К., McDonald D., Mitten P. Management of small ice masses. ESRF Report, 1986, no. 042. Scholar
26.Warbanski G., Banke E. Evaluation of a modified water cannon system to control small iceberg masses. ESRF Report, 1987, no. 081. Scholar
27.Buzin I.V. Review of the methods of active struggle with iceberg danger when applied to protect the platform on the Shtokman gas condensate field. Kompleksnye issledovaniya i izyskaniya ledovyh i gidrometeorologicheskih yavleniy i protsessov na arkticheskom shelfe: Trudy AANII. St. Petersburg, 2004, vol. 449, 158 p. Scholar
28.Agafonov A., Berezhnoy K., Verbitskiy S., Zimin A., Shinkarenko O. Offshore floating platform for Russian Arctic oil fields. Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre, 2015, pp. 61-74. Scholar
29.Alekseev Yu., Afanasyev V., Litonov O., Mansurov M., Truskov P. Ice engineering aspects of offshore oil & gas developments. St. Petersburg: Gidrometeoizdat, 2001. Scholar
30.Appolonov Ye., Sazonov K. Ice management: tasks and opportunities. Gas Industry, 2013, no. 2 (686), pp. 70-72. Scholar
31.Astafyev V.V. Astafyev G. Surkov P. Truskov Ridges and stamouchs of the Sea of Okhotsk. St. Petersburg: ProgressPogoda, 1997. Scholar
32.Bekker A. Probabilistic characteristics of ice loads on offshore structures. Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2004. Scholar
33.Bitsulya A., Karulin Ye., Karulina M. Variability in interpretation of measurement results for physical and mechanical properties of ridge keel in model test conditions. Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre, 2005, iss. 24 (308), pp. 4-18. Scholar
34.Bogorodsky V., Gavrilo V. Ice. Physical properties. Modern methods of glaciology. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1980. Scholar
35.Buzin I., Nesterov A., Gudoshnikov Yu. Study of ice dynamics in the Eurasian Arctic using radio beacons - experience and outlooks. Materials of the 13th International conference and exhibition for oil and gas resources development of the Russian Arctic and CIS continental shelf (RAO/CIS Offshore 2017) held in St. Petersburg on September 12-15 2017. St. Petersburg: Khimizdat, 2017, pp. 212-218. Scholar
36.Verbitsky S., Zimin A., Koval M., Malygin V., Shinkarenko O. Global FPSO fleet. State of the art and prospects. Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre, 2012, iss. 66 (350), pp. 125-134. Scholar
37.Vershinin S., Truskov P., Kuzmichev K. Ice effects upon Sakhalin offshore structure. Moscow: Giprostroymost Institute, 2005. Scholar
38.Wilkman G. 40 years of ice model testing. Helsinki, Finland: Aker Arctic Technology Inc, 2009. Scholar
39.Gudkovich Z., Doronin Yu. Sea ice drift. St. Petersburg: Gidrometeoizdat, 2011. Scholar
40.Dobrodeev A., Sazonov K., Boitsun I. Comparative analysis of various substructure types for oil & gas development platforms in the Caspian. Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre, 2015, pp. 203-210. Scholar
41.Dobrodeev A., Sazonov K., Timofeev O. Global load on marine engineering structures. Determination methods. RS Research Bulletin, 2015, no. 38-39, pp. 61-65. Scholar

1.Vikhamar, Т. Northen Gateway Oil Terminal Study / Т. Vikhamar, M.G. Gubaidullin // The Proceedings of the Fifth International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conferens. – Netherlands, The Hague, 1995. – Vol. II. – P. 501–506. Scholar
2.Comparative analysis of options for transporting oil by the Northern Sea Route / A.Yu. Reteyum, M.G. Gubaidullin, A.G. Kazakov, V.V. Chernov, T.K. Vikhamar // Development of the shelf of the Arctic seas of Russia: Abstr. of the Second International Conference . – St. Petersburg: Publishing house of S.Pb. GTU, 1995. – P. 270–272. Scholar
3.Kajoyan, Yu.S. The concept of early oil production in the north of the Timan-Pechora province / Yu.S. Kajoyan, M.G. Gubaidullin // Development of the shelf of the Arctic seas of Russia: Proceedings of the 3rd International conference. – St. Petersburg, 1997. – Part 1. – P. 160–166. Scholar
4.Alekperov, V.Yu. Development strategy / V.Yu. Alekperov // Journal Oil of Russia. – 1999. – No. 5. – P. 4–11. Scholar
5.Analysis of the types of foundations for oil reservoirs of the Varandey terminal in order to reduce the impact on permafrost rocks / V.G. Vakhaev, M.G. Gubaidullin, E.S. Kozyakova, D.V. Burkov // Problems of development of oil and gas fields in the European North of Russia: Coll. scientific. – Arkhangelsk, ASTU, 2007. – Iss. 2. – P. 13–16. Scholar
6.Melnikov, E.S. Permafrost and the development of oil and gas regions / E.S. Melnikov, S.E. Grechishchev – Moscow, GEOS, 2002. – 402 p. Scholar
7.Melnikov, P.I. General permafrost / P.I. Melnikov, N.I. Tolstikhin– Moscow: Nauka, 1974. – 291 p. Scholar
8.Kozlov, S.A. Conceptual foundations of engineering and geological studies of the West Arctic offshore oil and gas province / S.A. Kozlov // Journal Oil and Gas Business. – 2006. – P. 46. Scholar
9.Investigations of coastal erosion processes in Varandey area, Barents Sea / A. Sinitsyn, E. Guegan, O. Kokin, A. Vergun, L. Udalov, S. Ogorodov // SPE Arctic and Extreme Environments Conference and Exhibition. – AEE, 2013. – Vol. 3. – P. 2083–2099. DOI: 10.2118/166932-MS Scholar
10.Investigations for sustainable foundations in Arctic coastal areas / M.G. Basverfjord, A. Gylland, A. Sinitsyn, M. Wold // Geotechnical Engineering for Infrastructure and Development. Proceedings of the XVI European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. – ECSMGE, 2015. – Vol. 3. – P. 1243–1248. Scholar
11.Ershov, E.D. General geocryology / E.D. Ershov. – Moscow: University Press, 2002. – 682 p. Scholar
12.Landscape-geoecological studies of the Barents Sea as a basis for setting up long-term monitoring / I.A. Andreeva, B.G. Vanshtein, A.G. Zinchenko, O.A. Kiiko, V.I. Petrova // Conceptual problems of geoecological study of the shelf. – St. Petersburg: VNII Okeangeologiya, 2000. Scholar
13.Burkov, D.V. Assessment of the impact on the environment during oil shipment at the Varandey terminal / D.V. Burkov // Problems of development of oil and gas fields in the European North of Russia. – Arkhangelsk: ASTU, 2007. – Iss. 2. – P. 7–13. Scholar
14.Lukoil’s infographica. Varandey oil export terminal [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: https://www.behance.net/gallery/10261211/Lukoils-infographica/modules/ 75150713 (дата обращения: 05.10.2024). Scholar
15.White, T.L. Pipelines in Permafrost and Freezing ground. Engineering resource library and database indexes / T.L. White // Permafrost Environmental Consulting. – Ottawa, Canada, 2006. – Vol. 1. – P. 100. Scholar
16.Gubaidullin, M.G. Methods for protecting the upper part of the geological environment based on local monitoring during the operation of oil fields in the European North of Russia / M.G. Gubaidullin, N.A. Makarskiy, B.Kh. Khamidov // Arkhangelsk: NArFU, 2013. – P. 168. Scholar
17.Analysis of measures to ensure the stability of oil and gas facilities in the coastal zone of the Barents Sea / M.G. Gubaidullin, V.G. Krainev, A.V. Kalashnikov, D.V. Burkov // Problems of the development of oil and gas fields in the Arctic region of Russia: materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference (December 17–18, 2020). – Arkhangelsk: NArFU, 2020. – Iss. 3. – P. 3–14. Scholar
18.Appolonov, E.M. Providing ice strength and safe operation of ships in Russian and freezing seas on the basis of the comprehensive system of formation of fundamental engineering solutions / E.M. Appolonov, A.B. Nesterov, O.Ya. Timofeev // Trudy TsNII im. akad. A.N. Krylova. – 2008. – Vol. 39 (323). – P. 69–89. Scholar
19.Appolonov, E.M. Safe operation of large vessels in the Arctic transport system / E.M. Appolonov, K.E. Sazonov, O.Ya. Timofeev // Trudy NGTU im. R.E. Alekseeva. – 2010. – No. 1 (80). – P. 149–153. Scholar
20.Freeman, R. Ice management and impact oil and gas developments on the Grand Banks: 1st Annual Atlantic Petroleum R&D Forum / R. Freeman // C-Core Ice Management Framework. – 2007. Scholar
21.An assessment of current iceberg management capabilities / G. Crocker [et al.] // Contract Report for National Research Council Canada, Prepared by C-CORE & B. Wright and Associated Ltd. – C-CORE Publications 98–C26, 1998. – P. 105. DOI: 10.4224/40000434 Scholar
22.Weeks, W.F. Some elements of iceberg technology/ W.F. Weeks, M. Mellor; Ed. A.A. Husseiny. // Iceberg Utilization. – New York: Pergamon Press, 1977. – P. 45–98. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-022916-4.50015-7 Scholar
23.Bishop, G. Assessment of iceberg management for the Grand-Banks area: Analysis of detection and detection techniques, Mobil Oil Canada Properties / G. Bishop // Property Development Department. – 1989. Scholar
24.Bruneau, A. Iceberg towing for oil rig avoidance / A. Bruneau, R. Dempster, R. Peters // Iceberg Utilization. – New York: Pergamon Press, 1977. – P. 379–388. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-022916-4.50038-8 Scholar
25.Anderson, К. Management of small ice masses / К. Anderson, D. McDonald, P. Mitten // ESRF Report. – 1986. – No. 042. Scholar
26.Warbanski, G. Evaluation of a modified water cannon system to control small iceberg masses / G. Warbanski, E. Banke // ESRF Report. – 1987. – No. 081. Scholar
27.Buzin, I.V. Review of the methods of active struggle with iceberg danger when applied to protect the platform on the Shtokman gas condensate field / I.V. Buzin // Kompleksnye issledovaniya i izyskaniya ledovyh i gidrometeorologicheskih yavleniy i protsessov na arkticheskom shelfe: Trudy AANII. – St. Petersburg, 2004. – Vol. 449. – P. 158. Scholar
28.Offshore floating platform for Russian Arctic oil fields / A. Agafonov, K. Berezhnoy, S. Verbitskiy, A. Zimin, O. Shinkarenko // Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre. – 2015. – P. 61–74. Scholar
29.Ice engineering aspects of offshore oil & gas developments / Yu. Alekseev, V. Afanasyev, O. Litonov, M. Mansurov, P. Truskov. – St. Petersburg: Gidrometeoizdat, 2001. Scholar
30.Appolonov, Ye. Ice management: tasks and opportunities / Ye. Appolonov, K. Sazonov. // Gas Industry. – 2013. – No. 2 (686). – P. 70–72. Scholar
31.Astafyev, V. Ridges and stamouchs of the Sea of Okhotsk / V. Astafyev, G. Surkov, P. Truskov. – St. Petersburg: ProgressPogoda, 1997. Scholar
32.Bekker, A. Probabilistic characteristics of ice loads on offshore structures / A. Bekker. – Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2004. Scholar
33.Bitsulya, A. Variability in interpretation of measurement results for physical and mechanical properties of ridge keel in model test conditions / A. Bitsulya, Ye. Karulin, M. Karulina // Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre. – 2005. – Iss. 24 (308). – P. 4–18. Scholar
34.Bogorodsky, V. Ice. Physical properties. Modern methods of glaciology / V. Bogorodsky, V. Gavrilo. – Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1980. Scholar
35.Buzin, I. Study of ice dynamics in the Eurasian Arctic using radio beacons – experience and outlooks / I. Buzin, A. Nesterov, Yu. Gudoshnikov // Materials of the 13th International conference and exhibition for oil and gas resources development of the Russian Arctic and CIS continental shelf (RAO/CIS Offshore 2017) held in St. Petersburg on September 12–15, 2017. – St. Petersburg: Khimizdat, 2017. – P. 212–218. Scholar
36.Global FPSO fleet. State of the art and prospects / S. Verbitsky, A. Zimin, M. Koval, V. Malygin, O. Shinkarenko // Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre. – 2012. – Iss. 66 (350). – P. 125–134. Scholar
37.Vershinin, S. Ice effects upon Sakhalin offshore structure / S. Vershinin, P. Truskov, K. Kuzmichev. – Moscow: Giprostroymost Institute, 2005. Scholar
38.Wilkman, G. 40 years of ice model testing / G. Wilkman. – Helsinki, Finland: Aker Arctic Technology Inc, 2009. Scholar
39.Gudkovich, Z. Sea ice drift / Z. Gudkovich, Yu. Doronin. – St. Petersburg: Gidrometeoizdat, 2011. Scholar
40.Dobrodeev, A. Comparative analysis of various substructure types for oil & gas development platforms in the Caspian / A. Dobrodeev, K. Sazonov, I. Boitsun // Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre. – 2015. – P. 203–210. Scholar
41.Dobrodeev, A. Global load on marine engineering structures. Determination methods / A. Dobrodeev, K. Sazonov, O. Timofeev // RS Research Bulletin. – 2015. – No. 38–39. – P. 61–65. Scholar

Article information

Published: 24 February 2025
Issue date: 24 February 2025
Issue: Vol. 25, No. 1 (2025)