A Comprehensive Analysis of Fracture Height Control Technologies during Hydraulic Fracturing

Author details
  • PJSC TATNEFT named after V.D. Shashin, Almetyevsk, Russian Federation
  • PJSC TATNEFT named after V.D. Shashin, Almetyevsk, Russian Federation
  • FSEBI HE "Ufa State Petroleum Technological University", Ufa, Russian Federation
  • FSEBI HE "Ufa State Petroleum Technological University", Ufa, Russian Federation
  • TatNIPIneft R&D Institute of the PJSC TATNEFT named after V.D. Shashin, Almetyevsk, Russian Federation

Abstract

In today's oil and gas production environment, there is a steady increase in the share of unconventional reserves, accompanied by a simultaneous increase in water cut. This trend is characterized by a significant decline in the growth rate of recoverable reserves and well volumes that meet the applicability criteria of traditional hydraulic fracturing (HF) technologies. Under these conditions, selecting the optimal HF technology to ensure maximum efficiency while minimizing the risk of complications becomes critical. Existing traditional HF technologies based on the use of gelling guar systems are characterized by high fluid viscosity, which significantly impacts fracture height development. In complex geological conditions, where productive oil-saturated formations and underlying water-saturated formations are separated by thin clay barriers, this leads to uncontrolled vertical fracture breakthrough. Attempts to reduce the viscosity of traditional fracturing fluids by varying the gelling agent loading are associated with the risk of losing sand-carrying capacity and complications such as premature pumping shutdown. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of alternative HF technologies aimed at addressing the problem of uncontrolled vertical fracture propagation. These innovative technologies are based on regulating the viscosity of the fracturing fluid to reduce pressure within the fracture. Particular attention is paid to modern methods of fracture geometry control, which enable the optimal ratio between fracture height and length to be achieved while maintaining the required fracture dimensions. This approach facilitates the efficient development of previously undeveloped hydrocarbon reserves and significantly reduces the risk of premature water cuts. The paper also presents a comprehensive analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the technologies considered, taking into account their applicability in various geological and technical conditions. Based on the conducted research, an optimal hydraulic fracture height control technology has been proposed, ensuring maximum efficiency with minimal economic and technological risks. The results of the study have important practical implications for improving HF efficiency in complex geological conditions and can serve as the basis for developing recommendations for optimizing HF parameters during the development of unconventional oil reserves. Implementation of the proposed technological solutions will significantly expand the applicability of the HF method and increase oil recovery at fields with complex geological structures.

Keywords

hydraulic fracturingfracture height controlunconventional reserveslow-viscosity HF fluidshigh-viscosity HF fluidssurfactant-based HF fluidspolyacrylonitrile-based HF fluidsfoam HF fluids

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Article information

Published
21 November 2025
Issue date
21 November 2025
Issue
Vol. 25, No. 4 (2025)
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