Proppant Transport in the Low-Flow Oil Wells
Evgenii V. Kozhevnikov, Zakhar G. Ivanov, Ahmad Farid Bin Abu Bakar, Khairul Azlan Mustapha, Dmitriy V. Kobyakov, Liyuan Yu, Fedor B. Belkov, Dmitrii S. Fedurov, Anton P. Petrovykh
Author details
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russian Federation
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russian Federation
- University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russian Federation
- China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russian Federation
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russian Federation
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russian Federation
Abstract
The efficiency of low-flow oil wells after hydraulic fracturing is frequently compromised by residual proppant and early-phase proppant production, which can penetrate pumps and severely diminish their lifespan. Proppant management in such wells remains a persistent challenge, particularly due to the inadequate understanding of how proppant travels from the wellbore bottom to the pump intake. This study bridges that critical knowledge gap by introducing pioneering experimental findings on proppant behavior in low-flow conditions—the first to clarify the primary mechanisms at play. Using advanced laboratory simulations replicating post-fracturing environments, we observe that proppant consistently reaches the pump intake via an unnoticed process: immiscible hydrocarbon fluid droplets encapsulate and transport proppant particles upward. Key results include the revelation that the viscosity of the immiscible phase (e.g., oil or kerosene) does not significantly affect droplet transport capacity. Furthermore, proppant concentration during transport shows no correlation with well flow rates, overturning conventional assumptions. A groundbreaking insight is the role of free gas bubbles: they increase the likelihood of proppant being captured by hydrocarbon droplets, with higher gas volumes directly linked to elevated proppant levels in the flow. These conclusions are substantiated by field data from wells exhibiting high free gas content near the bottomhole, where shorter pump operational periods coincided with the proposed mechanism. By identifying this transport process, the research lays the groundwork for tailored proppant management solutions, paving the way for improved pump durability and operational performance in low-flow oil wells.
Keywords
Транспортировка проппанта в скважинах с низким дебитом нефти
Эффективность работы нефтяных скважин с низким дебитом после гидроразрыва пласта часто снижается из-за остаточного проппанта и его выноса на ранней стадии, что может привести к его проникновению в насосы и значительному сокращению срока их службы. Регулирование выноса проппанта в таких скважинах остается актуальной проблемой, особенно из-за недостаточного понимания того, как проппант перемещается от забоя скважины к приему насоса. Данное исследование устраняет этот важный пробел в знаниях, представляя новаторские экспериментальные данные о поведении проппанта в условиях низкого дебита – первые данные, проливающие свет на основные механизмы. Используя современные лабораторные модели, воспроизводящие условия после гидроразрыва пласта, мы наблюдаем, что проппант стабильно достигает приема насоса посредством незаметного процесса: несмешивающиеся капли углеводородной жидкости инкапсулируют и транспортируют частицы проппанта вверх. Ключевые результаты включают в себя открытие того, что вязкость несмешивающейся фазы (например, нефти или керосина) не оказывает существенного влияния на транспортную способность капель. Более того, концентрация проппанта во время транспортировки не коррелирует с дебитом скважины, что опровергает общепринятые предположения. Новаторским открытием является роль пузырьков свободного газа: они увеличивают вероятность захвата проппанта каплями углеводородов, причем более высокие объемы газа напрямую связаны с повышенным содержанием проппанта в потоке. Эти выводы подтверждаются промысловыми данными по скважинам с высоким содержанием свободного газа вблизи забоя, где более короткие периоды работы насоса совпадали с предложенным механизмом. Выявив этот процесс транспортировки, исследование закладывает основу для разработки индивидуальных решений по управлению проппантом, открывая путь к повышению долговечности и эксплуатационных характеристик насосов в низкодебитных нефтяных скважинах.
Ключевые слова
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- 7.Pei Y., Xiong H. Enhancing Well Performance and Economic Value via Better Well Completion Design-A Delaware Basin Case Study. SPE Journal, 2023, vol. 28, no. 03, pp. 934-949. DOI: 10.2118/214284-PA Scholar
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- 11.Guo J. et al. Preparation and characterization of nanotitania@fatty acid modified quartz sand proppant with super-hydrophobic and oleophilic properties. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 2024, vol. 699. 134623 p. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2024.134623 Scholar
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- 13.Dengaev A. et al. Modeling Results for the Real Horizontal Heavy-Oil-Production Well of Mechanical Solids. Energies (Basel), 2022, vol. 15, no. 14, 5182 p. DOI: 10.3390/en15145182 Scholar
- 14.Sreenivasan H., Krishna S. Automatic sucker rod pump fault diagnostics by transfer learning using googlenet integrated machine learning classifiers. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2024, vol. 191, pp. 14-26. DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2024.08.059 Scholar
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- 18.Karev V.I., Khimulia V.V., Shevtsov N.I. Experimental Studies of the Deformation, Destruction and Filtration in Rocks: A Review. Mechanics of Solids, 2021, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 613-630. DOI: 10.3103/S0025654421020125 Scholar
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- 28.Zhiliang W. et al. Study of sand particle transport characteristics and different critical velocities in sand-producing wells via indoor experiments. Sci. Rep., 2025, vol. 15, no. 1, 9707 p. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-87386-w Scholar
- 29.Hari S. et al. Impact of reservoir, fracturing fluid and proppant characteristics on proppant crushing and embedding in sandstone formations. J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng., 2021, vol. 95, 104187 p. DOI: 10.1016/j.jngse.2021.104187 Scholar
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- 31.Mohammed S. et al. A multi-fractured well performance model for unconventional reservoirs. Heliyon, 2022, vol. 8, no. 10, e10827 p. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10827 Scholar
- 32.Yang Y., Peng H., Wen C. Sand Transport and Deposition Behaviour in Subsea Pipelines for Flow Assurance. Energies (Basel), 2019, vol. 12, no. 21, 4070 p. DOI: 10.3390/en12214070 Scholar
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- 34.Liu X. et al. Experimental Investigation of Proppant Production Mitigation in Liquid-Rich Unconventional Wells. SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. DOI: 10.2118/210359-MS Scholar
- 35.Qu H. et al. Experimental and Simulation Investigations of Proppant Transport and Distribution Between Perforation Clusters in a Horizontal Well. SPE Journal, 2024, vol. 29, no. 10, pp. 5286-5304. DOI: 10.2118/223087-PA Scholar
- 36.Deal E. et al. Grain shape effects in bed load sediment transport. Nature, 2023, vol. 613, no. 7943, pp. 298-302. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05564-6 Scholar
- 37.Feng Y. et al. Flow regime and critical deposition velocity of liquid-solid two-phase flow in pipeline: Progress and perspectives. Physics of Fluids, 2023, vol. 35, no. 10. DOI: 10.1063/5.0172006 Scholar
- 38.Bakyt N., Zhang H.-Q., Zhu H. Modeling Sand Transportation in Wells Under Different Multiphase Flow Conditions. SPE Annual Caspian Technical Conference. SPE, 2022. DOI: 10.2118/212093-MS Scholar
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Article information
- Published
- 24 October 2025
- Issue date
- 24 October 2025
- Issue
- Vol. 25, No. 3 (2025)