ВЛИЯНИЕ ЛЕГИРУЮЩИХ ДОБАВОК НА СТРУКТУРУ AL-LI-СПЛАВОВ И МЕХАНИЗМЫ ДЕФОРМИРОВАНИЯ В УСЛОВИЯХ СВЕРХПЛАСТИЧНОСТИ (АНАЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ ОБЗОР)
Сведения об авторах
- Пермский национальный исследовательский политехнический университет, Пермь, Российская Федерация
- Пермский национальный исследовательский политехнический университет, Пермь, Российская Федерация
- Пермский национальный исследовательский политехнический университет, Пермь, Российская Федерация
Аннотация
Использование структурной сверхпластичности является перспективным направлением развития технологий создания изделий сложной формы с улучшенными физико-механическими и эксплуатационными характеристиками. Деформирование в режиме сверхпластичности характеризуется пониженными (в сравнении с обычной пластической обработкой) нагрузками на обрабатывающие инструменты и сокращением числа операций финишной обработки. Предпочтительным представляется реализация обработки в режиме структурной сверхпластичности при относительно умеренных гомологических температурах (менее 0,7) и высоких скоростях (порядка 10-2 с-1), в котором возможно сохранение равноосной формы зерен с несущественным изменением их размеров. При обозначенных условиях для многих сплавов, предварительно подготовленных методами интенсивной пластической деформации, в экспериментах на одноосное растяжение с выходом в режим структурной сверхпластичности наблюдается стадийность (колоколообразность) кривых растяжения. Последнее связано с действием и взаимодействием различных физических механизмов, сменой их ролей в ходе процесса деформирования, с эволюцией дефектной структуры материала. На перечисленные факторы оказывают влияние исходные температурно-скоростные условия и характеристики структуры материала после его предварительной обработки, в частности, форма и размеры зерен, доля высокоугловых границ, степень рекристаллизованности структуры, наличие легирующих добавок, которые могут образовывать в материале различные фазы. В предлагаемом обзоре предпринята попытка систематизировать экспериментальные данные по сверхпластичности алюминиевых сплавов 1420 и 1421 с акцентированием внимания на основных характеристиках структуры материала до и во время испытания на сверхпластическое деформирование, а также ее влияние на действующие механизмы. Это позволит сформировать более полное представление о физической природе процесса деформирования с переходом к режиму структурной сверхпластичности для алюминиевых сплавов и разработать сценарий действия и взаимодействия механизмов с учетом влияния эволюционирующей структуры материала. Указанное будет являться концептуальной основной для развития многоуровневой конститутивной модели неупругого деформирования сплавов, способной описывать изменение структуры материала и смену режимов деформирования, необходимой для совершенствования технологий сверхпластического формования.
Ключевые слова
ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF ALLOYING ADDITIONS ON THE STRUCTURE OF AL-LI ALLOYS AND DEFORMATION MECHANISMS UNDER SUPERPLASTIC CONDITIONS (AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW)
The use of structural superplasticity is promising in the development of production technologies with complex shapes and improved physical, mechanical and operational characteristics. Deformation in the superplasticity regime is characterized by reduced (compared to conventional plastic processing) loads on tools and decreased number of finishing operations. It seems preferable to use the superplasticity regime at relatively moderate homologous temperatures (less than 0.7) and high strain rates (on the order of 10-2 s-1), in which the equiaxed grain shape can be preserved with an insignificant change in its size. Under these conditions, staged (bell-shaped) tension curves are observed in experiments on uniaxial tension with access to the structural superplasticity regime for many alloys preliminarily prepared by severe plastic deformations. The latter is associated with the action and interaction of various physical mechanisms, the change in their roles during the deformation and evolution of defective material structures. The above factors are influenced by the initial temperature and strain rate conditions and characteristics of material structures after the pretreatment, in particular, grain shapes and sizes, fraction of high-angle boundaries, degree of recrystallization of the structure, presence of alloying additives that can form various phases in materials. This review attempts to systematize experimental data on superplasticity of aluminum alloys 1420 and 1421 with a focus on the main characteristics of material structures before and during the superplastic deformation tests, as well as its effect on the acting mechanisms. This will make it possible to form a more complete understanding the physical nature of deformation with a transition to structural superplasticity regimes for aluminum alloys and to develop a scenario for the action and interaction of mechanisms taking the influence of the evolving material structure into account. The above will be the concept basis for development the multilevel constitutive models of inelastic deformations of alloys to describe the material structure evolution and change in deformation regimes, which is necessary to improve superplastic forming technologies.
Keywords
Литература
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