Experimental Study of the GFRP Perforation Stochasticity Near the Ballistic Limit

Nikita A. Olivenko, Egor V. Leshkov, Dmitriy S. Zaigraev, Vladimir P. Matash, Sergei M. Ul’yanov, Oleg A. Kudryavtsev

Author details

Nikita A. Olivenko
South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
Egor V. Leshkov
South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
Dmitriy S. Zaigraev
Russian Federal Nuclear Center – Zababakhin All-Russia Research Institute of Technical Physics, Snezhinsk, Russian Federation
Vladimir P. Matash
Russian Federal Nuclear Center – Zababakhin All-Russia Research Institute of Technical Physics, Snezhinsk, Russian Federation
Sergei M. Ul’yanov
Russian Federal Nuclear Center – Zababakhin All-Russia Research Institute of Technical Physics, Snezhinsk, Russian Federation
Oleg A. Kudryavtsev
South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation

https://doi.org/10.15593/perm.mech/2025.2.08

The work aims at experimentally analyzing features of the impact interaction of a steel spherical projectile with glass fibre-reinforced plastic (GFRP) specimens with the thicknesses of 4 mm, 6 mm, and 7.3 mm at the velocities near the corresponding ballistic limits. The experimental study was carried out in two stages. At the first stage, ballistic curves, estimations of V50 and limit perforation and non- perforation velocities were obtained based on the results of the first series of impact tests using the Lambert-Jonas approximation. At the second stage, a series of tests was carried out for GFRP specimens of each thickness, when the initial projectile velocity was selected so that it fell into the zone of mixed results to obtain the perforation frequency curves. Based on the results of more than 300 experiments, it was established that the perforation frequency curves for GFRP specimens with the thicknesses of 6 mm and 7.3 mm can be obtained using the normal distribution law. Also it was found that the ratio of the width of the zone of mixed results to the corresponding V50 estimation for two thicknesses of specimens was about 4%, which is significantly less than the scatter of the strength characteristics of GFRP specimens obtained during the static tests.

Keywords

fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP)glass fibre-reinforced plastichigh-velocity impactballistic limitstochasticityzone of mixed resultsperforation frequency curve

Экспериментальное исследование стохастичности пробития стеклопластика вблизи баллистического предела

Целью данной работы было экспериментальное исследование особенностей взаимо- действия стального сферического ударника с образцами стеклопластика СТЭФ толщиной 4, 6 и 7,3 мм при скоростях вблизи соответствующих баллистических пределов. Экспери- ментальное исследование было проведено в два этапа. На первом этапе по результатам первой серии ударных испытаний с использованием аппроксимации Ламберта – Джонаса были построены баллистические кривые и получены оценки V50, предельных скоростей пробития и непробития. На втором этапе для каждой толщины стеклопластика была про- ведена вторая серия испытаний, когда начальную скорость ударника подбирали таким образом, чтобы она попадала в область неоднозначных результатов с целью получения кривых частости пробития. По результатам более чем 300 испытаний было установлено, что кривые частости пробития для образцов стеклопластика толщиной 6 и 7,3 мм могут быть получены с привлечением нормального закона распределения. Также было установ- лено, что отношение ширины области неоднозначных результатов к соответствующей оценке V50 для образцов двух толщин составило около 4 %, что значительно ниже разброса прочностных характеристик образцов СТЭФ, полученных при квазистатических испытаниях.

Ключевые слова

полимерный композитный материалстеклопластиквысокоскоростной ударбаллистический пределстохастичностьобласть неоднозначных результатовкривая частости пробития

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25.Tahenti B., Coghe F., Nasri R., Pirlot M. Armor's Ballistic Resistance Simulation Using Stochastic Process Modeling, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2017, Vol. 102, pp. 140-146. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2016.12.009 Scholar
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1.Bouvet C., Rivallant, S. Damage tolerance of composite structures under low-velocity impact. In: Dynamic Deformation, Damage and Fracture in Composite Materials and Structures, Silberschmidt V.V. (Eds). Woodhead Publishing, Elsevier, Cambridge, 2016, pp. 7-33. DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-100080-9.00002-6 Scholar
2.Verma A.S., Yan J., Hu W., Jiang Z., Shi W., Teuwen, J. J. E. A review of impact loads on composite wind turbine blades: Impact threats and classification. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2023, Vol. 178, 113261. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2023.113261 Scholar
3.Sutherland L. S. A review of impact testing on marine composite materials: Part I - Marine impacts on marine composites. Composite Structures, 2018, Vol. 188, pp. 197-208. DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.12.073 Scholar
4.Mraih H., Hashemi J., Kalfat R., Al-Mahaiadi R., Lu G. Comparative Assessment of FRP Composite Materials in Structural Applications under Low-Velocity Impact Loads: A Review. Procedia Structural Integrity, 2024, Vol. 64, pp. 1402-1410. DOI: 10.1016/j.prost.2024.09.380 Scholar
5.Kurteyev V.A., Burdyugov S.I., Inozemtsev A.A., Lomaev V.I., Mozerov B.G., Sokolovskiy M.I., Shatrov, V.B. Strength computational and experimental analysis of turbojet fan case under the impact of a torn blade. PNRPU Mechanics Bulletin, 2017, No. 1, pp. 85-103. DOI: 10.15593/perm.mech/2017.1.06 Scholar
6.Yu G., Li X., Huang W. Performance and Damage Study of Composite Rotor Blades under Impact. Polymers, 2024, Vol. 16, 623. DOI: 10.3390/polym16050623 Scholar
7.Tsirogiannis E.Ch., Daskalakis E., Vogiatzis C., Psarommatis F., Bartolo P. Advanced composite armor protection systems for military vehicles: Design methodology, ballistic testing, and comparison. Composites Science and Technology, 2024, Vol. 251, 110486. DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110486 Scholar
8.Wang K., Taheri F. A comparative investigation into the high-velocity impact (HVI) and compression after impact (CAI) responses of a novel 3d hybrid composite and carbon and glass fiber-reinforced composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2025, Vol. 292, 112075. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.112075 Scholar
9.Phadnis V.A., Roy A., Silberschmidt V.V. Dynamic damage in FRPs: From low to high velocity. In: Dynamic Deformation, Damage and Fracture in Composite Materials and Structures (Second Edition), Silberschmidt V.V. (Eds). Woodhead Publishing, Elsevier, Cambridge, 2023, pp. 165-193. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-823979-7.00008-9 Scholar
10.Li N., Du J., Lee H.M., Liu W., Zheng Y., Lee H.P. Damage characterization and modelling of FRP laminated composites subjected to external edge-on impact. Composites Part B, 2024, Vol. 287, 111879. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.111879 Scholar
11.Mouritz A.P. Advances in understanding the response of fibre-based polymer composites to shock waves and explosive blasts. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2019, Vol. 125, 105502. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2019.105502 Scholar
12.Andrew J.J., Srinivasan S.M., Arockiarajan A., Dhakal H.N. Parameters influencing the impact response of fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite materials: A critical review. Composite Structures, 2019, Vol. 224, 111007. DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111007 Scholar
13.Impact Engineering of Composite Structures, Abrate S. (Eds). Springer Vienna, 2011, 403 p. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0523-8 Scholar
14.Sutherland L.S. A review of impact testing on marine composite materials: Part II - Impact event and material parameters. Composite Structures, 2018, Vol. 188, pp. 503-511. DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.01.041 Scholar
15.Sutherland L.S. A review of impact testing on marine composite materials: Part III - Damage tolerance and durability. Composite Structures, 2018, Vol. 188, pp. 512-518. DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.01.042 Scholar
16.Davies G.A.O., Olsson R. Impact on composite structures. The Aeronautical Journal, 2004, Vol. 108, No. 1089, pp. 541-563. DOI: 10.1017/S0001924000000385 Scholar
17.Tahenti B., Coghe F., Nasri R. Ballistic Limit Estimation Approaches for Ballistic Resistance Assessment. Defence Science Journal, 2020, Vol. 70, No. 1, pp. 82-89. DOI: 10.14429/dsj.70.14122 Scholar
18.Johnson T.H., Freeman L., Hester J., Bell J.L. Comparison of ballistic resistance testing techniques in the Department of Defense. IEEE Access, 2014, Vol. 2, pp. 1442-1455. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2014.2377633 Scholar
19.Crouch I. Introduction to armour materials. In: The science of armour materials, 1st Edition, Crouch I. (Eds). Woodhead Publishing. Elsevier, 2017, pp. 1-54. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-100704-4.00001-3 Scholar
20.Reddy P.R.S., Savio S. G, Madhu V. Ceramic Composite Armour for Ballistic Protection. In: Handbook of Advanced Ceramics and Composites. Mahajan Y. and Roy J. (Eds). Springer International Publishing, 2020, pp. 1-46. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-73255-8_10-1 Scholar
21.Dixon W.J. Mood A.M. A method for obtaining and analyzing sensitivity data. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1948, Vol. 43, No 241, pp. 109-126. DOI: 10.1080/01621459.1948.10483254 Scholar
22.Joseph V.R. Efficient Robbins-Monro Procedure for Binary Data. Biometrika, 2004, Vol. 91, No 2, pp. 461-467. DOI: 10.1093/biomet/91.2.461 Scholar
23.Talbott D.V. Approaches to implementing deterministic models in a probabilistic framework. JSME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. Honolulu, Hawaii, 1995. Scholar
24.Mauchant D., Rice K.D., Riley M.A., Lebber D., Samarov D., Forster A.L. Analysis of Three Different Regression Models to Estimate the Ballistic Performance of New and Environmentaly Conditioned Body Armor. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2011. DOI: 10.6028/NIST.IR.7760 Scholar
25.Tahenti B., Coghe F., Nasri R., Pirlot M. Armor's Ballistic Resistance Simulation Using Stochastic Process Modeling, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2017, Vol. 102, pp. 140-146. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2016.12.009 Scholar
26.Neyer B.T. A D-Optimality-Based Sensitivity Test. Technometrics, 1994, V. Scholar

Article information

Published: 30 June 2025
Issue date: 30 June 2025
Issue: No. 2 (2025)