Mass-Based Modeling of Submicron Particle-Induced Clogging in Porous Media
Evgenii V. Kozhevnikov, Aleksandr A. Shcherbakov, Zakhar G. Ivanov, Dmitriy V. Kobyakov, Galina V. Tyurina, Anton P. Petrovykh, Aleksei G. Parshakov
Author details
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russian Federation
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russian Federation
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russian Federation
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russian Federation
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russian Federation
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russian Federation
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russian Federation
Abstract
Water injection into hydrocarbon reservoirs is routinely accompanied by the entrainment of suspended solids, and the most problematic fraction is sub-micron (<1 μm) particulate matter that is difficult to remove by conventional gravity treatment and can progressively impair injectivity by clogging pore constrictions. We investigated nanoparticle-driven permeability degradation using vertical quartz sand packs (column diameter 24 mm, height 0.20 m) with two sand fractions (0.316–0.20 and 0.20–0.10 mm) and two particle types: TiO₂ (≈200 nm) and WO₃ (≈80–100 nm). Permeability was evaluated from Darcy’s law and analyzed as a function of cumulative injected mass, including the specific injected mass (mass per cross-sectional area). Across all runs, k(m) exhibits a rapid, quasi-linear decline at low mass followed by a weak-sensitivity plateau at late stages, indicating progressive redistribution of flow pathways and approach to a dynamic deposition–release regime. Finer sands clogged at substantially lower cumulative mass than coarser sands, consistent with smaller characteristic throat radii, whereas the smaller WO₃ particles required a larger specific mass to reach comparable permeability loss, reflecting deeper penetration. Post-experiment sectioning revealed strongly inlet-biased retention profiles with maximum deposit load in the upper centimeters. A discrete 5-mm layered model was developed, coupling layer-wise retention, porosity loss, and a Kozeny–Carman closure with hydraulic resistances in series; parameters were identified by simultaneously matching permeability–mass curves and retained-mass profiles. The resulting framework provides a mass-based scaling variable for transferring laboratory clogging trends to near-wellbore impairment in injection and recharge wells.
Keywords
Моделирование кольматации пористой среды субмикронными частицами
Закачка загрязненных вод в нефтегазовые пласты воды с целью поддержания пластового давления может сопровождаться поступлением в пласт взвешенных механических примесей. Наиболее проблемной является субмикронная фракция (менее 1 мкм), которая трудно удаляется стандартными методами подготовки и способна вызывать прогрессирующее снижение приемистости нагнетательных скважин за счет закупоривания пор. В работе исследовано снижение проницаемости, обусловленное задержанием субмикронных частиц, на вертикальных кварцевых песчаных моделях пористой среды (диаметр 24 мм, высота 0,20 м) при использовании двух фракций песка (0,316–0,20 и 0,20–0,10 мм) и двух типов частиц с характерным размером около 100 и 200 нм. Проницаемость определяли по закону Дарси и анализировали в зависимости от накопленной массы закачанных частиц. Установлено, что на начальном этапе закачки проницаемость снижается быстро, после чего процесс переходит в стадию слабой изменчивости, что соответствует формированию устойчивых путей фильтрации и приближению системы к динамическому равновесию между задержанием и выносом частиц. Для более мелкой фракции песка снижение проницаемости наступает при меньшей накопленной массе, что согласуется с меньшими характерными размерами пор. Для более мелких частиц сопоставимое снижение проницаемости достигается при большей накопленной массе, что указывает на более глубокое проникновение и распределение частиц в объеме модели. Профили распределения удержанной массы по длине характеризуются максимальной концентрацией частиц в начале модели. Для интерпретации результатов разработана дискретная послойная модель с шагом 5 мм, учитывающая задержание частиц по слоям, уменьшение пористости и связь между пористостью и проницаемостью по уравнению Козени — Кармана при последовательном суммировании гидравлических сопротивлений слоев; параметры модели определяли по согласованию экспериментальных зависимостей проницаемости от накопленной массы и профилей удержанной массы. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы для оценки снижения приемистости при закачке загрязненных вод.
Ключевые слова
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- 1.Liu, W.; He, H.; Yuan, F.; Liu, H.; Zhao, F.; Liu, H.; Luo, G. Influence of the Injection Scheme on the Enhanced Oil Recovery Ability of Heterogeneous Phase Combination Flooding in Mature Waterflooded Reservoirs. ACS Omega 2022, 7, 23511-23520, doi:10.1021/acsmega.2c02007. Scholar
- 2.Wang, Y.; Almutairi, A.L.Z.; Bedrikovetsky, P.; Timms, W.A.; Privat, K.L.; Bhattacharyya, S.K.; Le-Hussain, F. In-Situ Fines Migration and Grains Redistribution Induced by Mineral Reactions - Implications for Clogging during Water Injection in Carbonate Aquifers. J. Hydrol. (Amst). 2022, 614, 128533, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128533. Scholar
- 3.Borazjani, S.; Behr, A.; Genolet, L.; Van Der Net, A.; Bedrikovetsky, P. Effects of Fines Migration on Low-Salinity Waterflooding: Analytical Modelling. Transp. Porous Media 2017, 116, 213-249, doi:10.1007/s11242-016-0771-2. Scholar
- 4.Yang, Y.; Yuan, W.; Hou, J.; You, Z. Review on Physical and Chemical Factors Affecting Fines Migration in Porous Media. Water Res. 2022, 214, 118172, doi:10.1016/j.watres.2022.118172. Scholar
- 5.Wang, C.; Wang, R.; Huo, Z.; Xie, E.; Dahlke, H.E. Colloid Transport through Soil and Other Porous Media under Transient Flow Conditions—A Review. WIREs Water 2020, 7, doi:10.1002/wat2.1439. Scholar
- 6.Attabi, K.A.L.; Altalbawy, F.M.A.; Hassan, H.I.; Sahib, A.S.; Abdulali, Z.S.; Alwan, M.; Jawad, M.; Mushtaq, H.; Smerat, A.; Khalid, A. Mitigation of Fine Migration in Low Salinity Water Flooding of Clay-Rich Sandstones Using FeO/Saponin/Cu(II) Nanopomite. Discover Nano 2026, 21, 18, doi:10.1186/s11671-026-04441-9. Scholar
- 7.Russell, T.; Pham, D.; Neishaboor, M.T.; Badalyan, A.; Behr, A.; Genolet, L.; Kowollik, P.; Zeinijahromi, A.; Bedrikovetsky, P. Effects of Kaolinite in Rocks on Fines Migration. J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 2017, 45, 243-255, doi:10.1016/j.jngse.2017.05.020. Scholar
- 8.Shulkin, V.M. USE OF THE DYNAMIC LIGHT SCATTERING TO ASSESS THE EFFICIENCY OF SEPARATION OF SUSPENDED AND COLLOIDAL PARTICLES IN RIVER WATERS BY FILTRATION AND CENTRIFUGATION. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University Geo Assets Engineering 2023, 334, 88-97, doi:10.18799/24131830/2023/10/4095. Scholar
- 9.Cheng, W.; Xi, H.; Chen, Y.; Zhao, X.; Zhao, J.; Ma, K. Infiltration Mechanism of the Sandy Riverbed in the Arid Inland Region of China. J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud. 2022, 42, 101145, doi:10.1016/j.jrhr.2022.101145. Scholar
- 10.Hannun, J.A.; Al-Raoush, R.I.; Jarrar, Z.A.; Alshibli, K.A.; Jung, J. Fines Effect on Gas Flow in Sandy Sediments Using MCT and Pore Networks. J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 2022, 108, 104834, doi:10.1016/j.jngse.2022.104834. Scholar
- 11.Yin, Y.; Cui, Y.; Jing, L. Clogging and Unclogging of Fine Particles in Porous Media: Micromechanical Insights From an Analog Pore System. Water Resour. Res. 2024, 60, DOI:10.1029/2023WR034628. Scholar
- 12.Almutairi, A.; Saira, S.; Wang, Y.; Le-Hussain, F. Effect of Fines Migration on Oil Recovery from Carbonate Rocks. Advances in Geo-Energy Research 2023, 8, 61-70, DOI:10.46690/ager.2023.04.06. Scholar
- 13.Zhai, X.; Atefi-Monfared, K. Production versus Injection Induced Poreelasticity in Porous Media Incorporating Fines Migration. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 2021, 205, 108953, doi:10.1016/j.petrol.2021.108953. Scholar
- 14.Bagrezaie, M.A.; Dabir, B.; Rashidi, F. A Novel Approach for Pore-Scale Study of Fines Migration Mechanism in Porous Media. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 2022, 216, 110761, doi:10.1016/j.petrol.2022.110761. Scholar
- 15.Bedrikovetsky, P.; Vaz, A.; Machado, F.; Zeinijahrami, A.; Borazjani, S. Skin Due to Fines Mobilization, Migration, and Straining During Steady-State Oil Production. Pet. Sci. Technol. 2012, 30, 1539-1547, doi:10.1080/10916466.2011.653702. Scholar
- 16.Yang, Y.; Bedrikovetsky, P. Exact Solutions for Nonlinear High Retention-Concentration Fines Migration. Transp. Porous Media 2017, 119, 351-372, doi:10.1007/ s11242-017-0885-1. Scholar
- 17.Zhai, X.; Atefi-Monfared, K. Injection-Induced Poreelastic Response of Porous Media Containing Fine Particles, Incorporating Particle Mobilization, Transport, and Straining. Transp. Porous Media 2021, 137, 629-650, doi:10.1007/s11242-021-01580-8. Scholar
- 18.Wendling, P.; Curtis, J.S.; Nirschl, H.; Gleiss, M. Microstructure Simulation to Predict the Influence of Particle Properties on Permeability of Granular Porous Media. Transp. Porous Media 2026, 153, 18, doi:10.1007/s11242-025-02267-0. Scholar
- 19.Vyas, D.R.; Gao, S.; Umbanhowar, P.B.; Ottino, J.M.; Lueptow, R.M. Impacts of Packed Bed Polydispersity and Deformation on Fine Particle Transport. AIChE Journal 2024, 70, doi:10.1002/aic.18499. Scholar
- 20.Desorvi, B.; Schofield, A.B.; Robert de Saint Vincent, M.; Tabuteau, H. Dynamics of Pore Fouling by Colloidal Particles at the Particle Level. J. Memb. Sci. 2019, 573, 411-424, doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2018.12.025. Scholar
- 21.Okaybi, W.; Roman, S.; Soulaine, C. Progressive Colloidal Clogging Mechanism by Dendritic Build-up in Porous Media. Soft Matter 2025, 21, 5687-5698, doi:10.1039/ DS5M00285K. Scholar
- 22.Han, G.; Kwon, T. Effect of Seepage Velocity on Pore Clogging Growth Behavior and Its Effect on Permeability Reduction During Fines Migration in Porous Media. Water Resour. Res. 2023, 59, doi:10.1029/2022WR033537. Scholar
- 23.Al-Zghoul, B.M.; Volponi, S.N.; Johnson, W.P.; Bolster, D. Effects of Initial Injection Condition on Colloid Retention. Water Resour. Res. 2024, 60, doi:10.1029/2023WR036877. Scholar
- 24.Jung, J.; Cao, S.C.; Shin, Y.-H.; Al-Raoush, R.I.; Alshibli, K.; Choi, J.-W. A Microfluidic Pore Model to Study the Migration of Fine Particles in Single-Phase and Multi-Phase Flows in Porous Media. Microsystem Technologies 2018, 24, 1071-1080, doi:10.1007/s00542-017-3462-1. Scholar
- 25.Soulaine, C.; Pavuluri, S.; Claret, F.; Tournassat, C. PorousMediaFoaum: Multi-Scale Open-Source Platform for Hydro-Geochemical Simulations with OpenFOAM®. Environmental Modelling & Software 2021, 145, 105199, doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2021.105199. Scholar
- 26.Xu, Y.; Ye, X.; Du, X. Microscopic Mechanism of Particle Clogging in Porous Media During Managed Aquifer Recharge: From X-Ray Computed Tomography ( <scp> CT </ Scp> ) Imaging to Numerical Modelling. Hydrol. Process. 2024, 38, doi:10.1002/hyp.70002. Scholar
- 27.Liu, Q.; Zhao, B.; Santamaria, J.C. Particle Migration and Clogging in Porous Media: A Convergent Flow Microfluidics Study. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 2019, 124, 9495-9504, doi:10.1029/2019JB017813. Scholar
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Article information
- Published
- 14 May 2026
- Issue date
- 14 May 2026
- Issue
- Vol. 26, No. 2 (2026)