Mass-Based Modeling of Submicron Particle-Induced Clogging in Porous Media

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Abstract

Water injection into hydrocarbon reservoirs is routinely accompanied by the entrainment of suspended solids, and the most problematic fraction is sub-micron (<1 μm) particulate matter that is difficult to remove by conventional gravity treatment and can progressively impair injectivity by clogging pore constrictions. We investigated nanoparticle-driven permeability degradation using vertical quartz sand packs (column diameter 24 mm, height 0.20 m) with two sand fractions (0.316–0.20 and 0.20–0.10 mm) and two particle types: TiO₂ (≈200 nm) and WO₃ (≈80–100 nm). Permeability was evaluated from Darcy’s law and analyzed as a function of cumulative injected mass, including the specific injected mass (mass per cross-sectional area). Across all runs, k(m) exhibits a rapid, quasi-linear decline at low mass followed by a weak-sensitivity plateau at late stages, indicating progressive redistribution of flow pathways and approach to a dynamic deposition–release regime. Finer sands clogged at substantially lower cumulative mass than coarser sands, consistent with smaller characteristic throat radii, whereas the smaller WO₃ particles required a larger specific mass to reach comparable permeability loss, reflecting deeper penetration. Post-experiment sectioning revealed strongly inlet-biased retention profiles with maximum deposit load in the upper centimeters. A discrete 5-mm layered model was developed, coupling layer-wise retention, porosity loss, and a Kozeny–Carman closure with hydraulic resistances in series; parameters were identified by simultaneously matching permeability–mass curves and retained-mass profiles. The resulting framework provides a mass-based scaling variable for transferring laboratory clogging trends to near-wellbore impairment in injection and recharge wells.

Keywords

water injectionpermeabilitysuspended solidsparticle retentionpore clogging

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Article information

Published
14 May 2026
Issue date
14 May 2026
Issue
Vol. 26, No. 2 (2026)
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