Modeling the grain structure evolution during crystallization by cellular automata
Author details
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russian Federation
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russian Federation
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russian Federation
Abstract
The mechanical properties of metallic components are largely governed by the grain structure, whose key characteristics are grain size, morphology, and the crystallographic orientation of grain lattices. When manufacturing critical parts, particular attention must be paid to the growth of columnar grains, which are characteristic of additive manufacturing and casting processes. Their growth induces anisotropy and, consequently, reduces strength. Predictive and targeted control of these characteristics requires a deep understanding of the solidification processes by which the grain structure forms. The aim of this study is to develop and verify a cellular-automaton-based mathematical model of solidification that predicts the evolution of grain structure while accounting for stochastic nucleation and anisotropic growth. The model incorporates stochastic algorithms for heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation on the surface and in the bulk of the melt. To preserve the initial crystallographic orientation of a growing grain, we employ the decentered square algorithm. A series of numerical experiments was performed for the solidification of an Al7Si alloy. We investigated the influence of cooling rate, critical nucleation temperature, and maximum nucleation density on the resulting grain structure. The results demonstrate that the model accurately reproduces key physical mechanisms, including the growth of columnar grains from boundaries, followed by a transition to an equiaxed structure in the center (columnar-to-equiaxed transition, CET), as well as the competitive growth of grains with preferential orientation. It is established that increasing the cooling rate and nucleation density decreases the mean grain size, whereas increasing the critical nucleation temperature broadens the columnar zone. The developed and validated two-dimensional solidification model represents the initial stage of the developing software framework, combining the cellular automaton method with the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method for modeling metal wire-arc additive manufacturing processes.
Keywords
МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ЭВОЛЮЦИИ ЗЕРЕННОЙ СТРУКТУРЫ В ПРОЦЕССЕ КРИСТАЛЛИЗАЦИИ МЕТОДОМ КЛЕТОЧНЫХ АВТОМАТОВ
Механические свойства металлических изделий в значительной степени определяются зеренной структурой, ключевыми характеристиками которой являются размер, форма и кристаллографическая ориентация кристаллических решеток зерен. Особое внимание при изготовлении ответственных деталей необходимо уделять росту столбчатых зерен, наличие которых характерно для аддитивного производства и литья. Их рост приводит к анизотропии, а следовательно, к снижению прочностных свойств изделия. Для прогнозирования и целенаправленного управления этими характеристиками необходимо глубокое понимание процессов кристаллизации, в ходе которой формируется зеренная структура. Целью исследования является разработка и верификация математической модели кристаллизации на основе метода клеточных автоматов, позволяющей прогнозировать эволюцию зеренной структуры с учетом стохастического зарождения и анизотропного роста. Разработанная модель включает стохастические алгоритмы гетерогенного и гомогенного зарождения зерен на поверхности и в объеме расплава. Для сохранения первоначальной кристаллографической ориентации растущего зерна был применен метод децентрированного квадрата. Проведена серия численных экспериментов по затвердеванию сплава Al7Si. Исследовано влияние скорости охлаждения, критической температуры зарождения и максимальной плотности зародышей на формирование зеренной структуры. Результаты показали, что модель корректно воспроизводит ключевые физические механизмы: рост столбчатых зерен от границ с последующим переходом к равноосной структуре в центре, а также конкурентный рост зерен с предпочтительной ориентацией. Установлено, что увеличение скорости охлаждения и плотности зародышей приводит к уменьшению среднего размера зерна, а рост критической температуры зарождения способствует расширению зоны столбчатых зерен. Реализованная и верифицированная двумерная модель процесса кристаллизации представляет собой начальный этап разрабатываемого программного комплекса, объединяющего метод клеточных автоматов и метод гидродинамики сглаженных частиц для моделирования процессов проволочной наплавки металлов.
Ключевые слова
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- 38.Zhang Y., Zhang J. Modeling of solidification microstructure evolution in laser powder bed fusion fabricated 316L stainless steel using combined computational fluid dynamics and cellular automata // Additive Manufacturing. - 2019. - Vol. 28. - pp. 750-765. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2019.06.024 Scholar
- 39.Rai A., Helmer H., Korner C. Simulation of grain structure evolution during powder bed based additive manufacturing // Additive Manufacturing. - 2017. - Vol. 13. - pp. 124-134. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2016.10.007 Scholar
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- 41.Lian Y., Lin S., Yan W., Liu W.K., Wagner G.J. A parallelized three-dimensional cellular automaton model for grain growth during additive manufacturing // Computational Mechanics. - 2018. - Vol. 61. - pp. 543-558. doi:10.1007/s00466-017-1535-8 Scholar
- 42.Ma J., Niu X., Zhou Y., Li W., Liu Y., Shen M., Wang H., Cheng W., You Z. Simulation of solidification microstructure evolution of 316L stainless steel fabricated by selective laser melting using a coupled model of smooth particle hydrodynamics and cellular automata // Journal of Materials Research and Technology. - 2023. - Vol. 27. - pp. 600-616. doi:10.1016/j.ijmrt.2023.09.296 Scholar
- 43.Lipton J., Glicksman M.E., Kurz W. Dendritic growth into undercooled alloy melts // Materials Science and Engineering. - 1984. - Vol. 65. - pp. 57-63. Scholar
- 44.Li L., Li D., Feng J., Zhang Y., Kang Y. Effect of cooling rates on the microstructure and mechanical property of La modified Al7SiMg alloys processed by gravity die casting and semi-solid die casting // Metals. - 2020. - Vol. 10. - Art. 549. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10040549 Scholar
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- THE EVOLUTION OF COHESIVE ZONE DURING DYNAMIC GROWTH OF SHEAR CRACKS IN BRITTLE MATERIALSpp. 14–30
- Computer simulation of strain-induced boundaries formation and evolution during plastic deformation of polycrystalspp. 31–38
- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STIFFNESS AND TORSION IN TETRACHIRAL METAMATERIAL SAMPLESpp. 39–46
- STRESS CONCENTRATION IN A LAMINATED CARBON FIBER PLATE WITH A FREE HOLE UNDER CONDITIONS OF MULTI-CYCLE FATIGUEpp. 47–58
- EFFECT OF STRESS CONCENTRATORS ON THE KINETICS OF LOCALIZED PLASTIC DEFORMATION BANDSpp. 59–70
- ANALYSIS OF THE PROPAGATION OF OSCILLATORY PROCESSES IN A CHANNEL WITH A PERFORATED BARRIERpp. 83–94
- SCALE EFFECTS IN BASALT YARNSpp. 95–105
- Description of Aluminum Bicrystal Deformation with Grain Boundary Sliding within Multilevel Constitutive Model Taking into Account the Influence of Alloying Additivespp. 106–115
- EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF 316L STEEL AND TI-6AL-4V SAMPLES OBTAINED BY ADDITIVE SLM AND DED TECHNIQUES AS A FUNCTION OF POROSITY AND TEMPERATUREpp. 116–134
- EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF CARBON FIBER BLANKS OF PROSTHETIC FEETpp. 135–144
Article information
- Published
- 29 December 2025
- Issue date
- 29 December 2025
- Issue
- No. 6 (2025)