Modeling the grain structure evolution during crystallization by cellular automata

Author details
  • Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russian Federation
  • Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russian Federation
  • Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russian Federation

Abstract

The mechanical properties of metallic components are largely governed by the grain structure, whose key characteristics are grain size, morphology, and the crystallographic orientation of grain lattices. When manufacturing critical parts, particular attention must be paid to the growth of columnar grains, which are characteristic of additive manufacturing and casting processes. Their growth induces anisotropy and, consequently, reduces strength. Predictive and targeted control of these characteristics requires a deep understanding of the solidification processes by which the grain structure forms. The aim of this study is to develop and verify a cellular-automaton-based mathematical model of solidification that predicts the evolution of grain structure while accounting for stochastic nucleation and anisotropic growth. The model incorporates stochastic algorithms for heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation on the surface and in the bulk of the melt. To preserve the initial crystallographic orientation of a growing grain, we employ the decentered square algorithm. A series of numerical experiments was performed for the solidification of an Al7Si alloy. We investigated the influence of cooling rate, critical nucleation temperature, and maximum nucleation density on the resulting grain structure. The results demonstrate that the model accurately reproduces key physical mechanisms, including the growth of columnar grains from boundaries, followed by a transition to an equiaxed structure in the center (columnar-to-equiaxed transition, CET), as well as the competitive growth of grains with preferential orientation. It is established that increasing the cooling rate and nucleation density decreases the mean grain size, whereas increasing the critical nucleation temperature broadens the columnar zone. The developed and validated two-dimensional solidification model represents the initial stage of the developing software framework, combining the cellular automaton method with the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method for modeling metal wire-arc additive manufacturing processes.

Keywords

solidificationgrain structuremathematical modelingcellular automatadendritic growthstochastic nucleationheterogeneous nucleationhomogeneous nucleationcolumnar grainsequiaxed grainsdecentered square methodcooling rateAl7Si alloy

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Article information

Published
29 December 2025
Issue date
29 December 2025
Issue
No. 6 (2025)
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