EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF 316L STEEL AND TI-6AL-4V SAMPLES OBTAINED BY ADDITIVE SLM AND DED TECHNIQUES AS A FUNCTION OF POROSITY AND TEMPERATURE

Author details
  • Udmurt State University, Izhevsk, Russian Federation; Udmurt Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhevsk, Russian Federation
  • Udmurt Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhevsk, Russian Federation
  • Udmurt State University, Izhevsk, Russian Federation; Udmurt Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhevsk, Russian Federation

Abstract

Modern techniques of additive manufacturing, such as selective laser melting (SLM) and direct energy deposition (DED), enable the creation of complex metal parts with unique properties. However, an inherent characteristic of these processes is the formation of a specific microstructure, residual stresses, and a certain level of porosity. The combined effect of these factors naturally leads to the pronounced anisotropy in mechanical properties and its strong dependence on various process parameters. Therefore, the development of accurate and reliable mathematical models capable of predicting the mechanical properties of such materials is essential. Therefore, this paper examines approaches to averaging the mechanical properties of materials based on spatial averaging, proposed in the literature for describing composite materials. The mathematical models, including Voigt – Reiss and Hashin – Shtrikman bounds, Mori – Tanaka, Christensen and Ashby models, have been used to calculate Young's modulus, shear modulus, Poisson's ratio, and yield strength as functions of porosity. To describe these mechanical characteristics as functions of temperature, the Wachtman model for Young's modulus and the Mechanical Threshold Stress model for shear modulus are considered. The primary objective of the study was to test the applicability and assess the accuracy of models used to analyze anisotropic metal materials produced with SLM and DLD. According to the obtained results, the Christensen model, as well as the Gibson – Ashby model, demonstrated sufficient agreement with experimental data available in the literature. It allows them to be recommended for engineering calculations related to the effect of porosity. At the same time, the mathematical models accounting for temperature-related changes in mechanical properties have shown poor correspondence with actual experimental data got for additively manufactured materials. As an alternative, the article proposes a polynomial expansion to describe the temperature dependence of mechanical properties. Thus, based on a comprehensive and detailed analysis for each individual mechanical property, a specific regression model was ultimately proposed and formalized, which is recommended for practical engineering calculus and computer simulation.

Keywords

primary mechanical propertiesanalytical modelspolynomial modelstemperatureporosityexperimental datastructural steels and alloyscontinuum mechanics

Bibliography

  1. 1.Frazier, W.E. Metal additive manufacturing: a review // Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. – 2014. – V. 23, No. 6. – pp. 1917-1928. DOI: 10.1007/s11665-014-0958-z. Scholar
  2. 2.Yahamed, A., Ikonomov, P., Fleming, P.D. Mechanical properties of 3D printed polymers // Journal of Print and Media Technology Research. – 2016. – No. 4. DOI: 10.14622/JPMTR-1608. Scholar
  3. 3.J. Mueller, K. Shea, The effect of build orientation on the mechanical properties in inkjet 3D printing/ResearchGate. – 2015. Scholar
  4. 4.Nigmatulin R.I. Dynamics of Multiphase Media. Part I. – M.: Nauka, 1987. – 464 p. Scholar
  5. 5.Kouznetsova V.G. Computational homogenization for the multi-scale analysis of multi-phase materials // Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. – 2002. – p. 150. DOI: 10.6100/IR560009. Scholar
  6. 6.Calazans Neto J.V., Reis A.C. dos, Valente M.L. da C. Influence of building direction on physical and mechanical properties of titanium implants: A systematic review // Heliyon. – 2024. – V. 10, No. 9. – pp. e30108. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30108. Scholar
  7. 7.Sazgar A., Gholizadeh V., Sherafati J. Mechanical properties of 316L stainless steel samples fabricated by selective laser melting and comparison with other manufacturing methods // Journal of Nuclear Research and Applications. – 2022. – V. 2, No. 1. – pp. 9-18. DOI: 10.24200/jon.2022.1009. Scholar
  8. 8.Gao J.B., Zhao X.L., Yue J.K., Qi M.C., Zhang D.L. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy samples fabricated by selective laser melting // Key Engineering Materials. – 2018. – V. 770. – pp. 179-186. DOI:10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.770.179. Scholar
  9. 9.Xu S., Shen J., Zhou S., Huang X., Xie Y. M. Design of lattice structures with controlled anisotropy // Materials & Design. – 2016. – V. 93. – pp. 443-447. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2016.01.007. Scholar
  10. 10.Pobedrya B.E. Mechanics of Composite Materials. – M: Moscow University Press, 1984. – 336 p. Scholar
Download PDF

Article information

Published
29 December 2025
Issue date
29 December 2025
Issue
No. 6 (2025)
Share