EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF 316L STEEL AND TI-6AL-4V SAMPLES OBTAINED BY ADDITIVE SLM AND DED TECHNIQUES AS A FUNCTION OF POROSITY AND TEMPERATURE
Author details
- Udmurt State University, Izhevsk, Russian Federation; Udmurt Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhevsk, Russian Federation
- Udmurt Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhevsk, Russian Federation
- Udmurt State University, Izhevsk, Russian Federation; Udmurt Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhevsk, Russian Federation
Abstract
Modern techniques of additive manufacturing, such as selective laser melting (SLM) and direct energy deposition (DED), enable the creation of complex metal parts with unique properties. However, an inherent characteristic of these processes is the formation of a specific microstructure, residual stresses, and a certain level of porosity. The combined effect of these factors naturally leads to the pronounced anisotropy in mechanical properties and its strong dependence on various process parameters. Therefore, the development of accurate and reliable mathematical models capable of predicting the mechanical properties of such materials is essential. Therefore, this paper examines approaches to averaging the mechanical properties of materials based on spatial averaging, proposed in the literature for describing composite materials. The mathematical models, including Voigt – Reiss and Hashin – Shtrikman bounds, Mori – Tanaka, Christensen and Ashby models, have been used to calculate Young's modulus, shear modulus, Poisson's ratio, and yield strength as functions of porosity. To describe these mechanical characteristics as functions of temperature, the Wachtman model for Young's modulus and the Mechanical Threshold Stress model for shear modulus are considered. The primary objective of the study was to test the applicability and assess the accuracy of models used to analyze anisotropic metal materials produced with SLM and DLD. According to the obtained results, the Christensen model, as well as the Gibson – Ashby model, demonstrated sufficient agreement with experimental data available in the literature. It allows them to be recommended for engineering calculations related to the effect of porosity. At the same time, the mathematical models accounting for temperature-related changes in mechanical properties have shown poor correspondence with actual experimental data got for additively manufactured materials. As an alternative, the article proposes a polynomial expansion to describe the temperature dependence of mechanical properties. Thus, based on a comprehensive and detailed analysis for each individual mechanical property, a specific regression model was ultimately proposed and formalized, which is recommended for practical engineering calculus and computer simulation.
Keywords
ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ МЕХАНИЧЕСКИХ СВОЙСТВ ОБРАЗЦОВ ИЗ СТАЛИ 03Х17Н14М2 И СПЛАВА ВТ6, ПОЛУЧЕННЫХ АДДИТИВНЫМИ СЛП И ПЛВ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯМИ, В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ПОРИСТОСТИ И ТЕМПЕРАТУРЫ
Современные технологии аддитивного производства, такие как селективное лазерное плавление (СЛП) и прямое лазерное выращивание (ПЛВ), позволяют создавать сложнопрофильные металлические изделия с уникальными свойствами. Неотъемлемой особенностью этих процессов является формирование специфической микроструктуры, наличие остаточных напряжений и определенного уровня пористости. Совокупное воздействие этих факторов приводит к выраженной анизотропии механических характеристик и их сильной зависимости от многочисленных технологических параметров печати. В связи с этим актуальной задачей является разработка надежных математических моделей, способных прогнозировать механические свойства таких материалов. В работе рассмотрены подходы для описания механических свойств композиционных материалов, предложенные в литературе и основанные на методе пространственного осреднения. Использованы для сравнения математические модели, включая вилки Фойгта – Рейса и Хашина – Штрикмана, модели Мори – Танака, Кристенсена и Эшби, применяемые для расчета зависимости модуля Юнга, модуля сдвига, коэффициента Пуассона и предела текучести от пористости. Для описания механических характеристик в зависимости от температуры рассмотрены модели Вачтмана для модуля Юнга и пороговых напряжений (mechanical threshold stress) для модуля сдвига. Основной целью исследования являлась проверка применимости и оценка точности моделей, применяемых для анализа анизотропных металлических материалов, полученных СЛП и ПЛВ способами аддитивной 3D-печати. Согласно результатам нашего исследования, модель Кристенсена, а также модель Гибсона – Эшби продемонстрировали хорошее согласие с экспериментальными данными, доступными в современной научной литературе, что позволяет рекомендовать их для инженерных расчетов, связанных с влиянием пористости. В то же время, математические модели, учитывающие температурные изменения механических характеристик, показали неудовлетворительное или невысокое соответствие реальным экспериментальным данным, полученным для материалов аддитивного производства. В качестве альтернативы в статье предлагается использование полиномиального разложения для описания зависимостей механических характеристик от температуры. Таким образом, на основе проведенного в работе комплексного и детального анализа для каждой отдельной механической характеристики предложена и формализована конкретная регрессионная модель, которая рекомендуется для использования в практических инженерных расчетах и численном моделировании.
Ключевые слова
Bibliography
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Article information
- Published
- 29 December 2025
- Issue date
- 29 December 2025
- Issue
- No. 6 (2025)