Description of the effect of softening in elastomeric composites observed in tests with increasing strain amplitude

Author details
  • Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics UB RAS, Perm, Russian Federation
  • Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics UB RAS, Perm, Russian Federation
  • Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics UB RAS, Perm, Russian Federation
  • Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics UB RAS, Perm, Russian Federation

Abstract

This paper presents the results of complex uniaxial mechanical tests conducted to study polymer nanocomposites with SKU-PPL-2102 prepolymer as a matrix. The unfilled elastomer is a structurally heterogeneous material – it has solid domain structures and therefore can be considered as a nanocomposite exhibiting complex mechanical behavior. Tests were carried out on the samples prepared of polyurethane without filler and with 0.5 phr of few-layer graphene filler under conditions of increasing deformation cycles and long time-delays between changes in the direction of gripper motion. These tests made it possible to monitor the degree of softening in the material subjected to loading and the increase of dissipative losses at different elongation ratios. It was found that, even at low filler content, the mechanical properties of the material changed significantly. In addition, note that the viscoelastic properties of the materials’ samples manifest themselves insignificantly (i.e., the "trained" materials can be considered elastic with a certain degree of accuracy) during repeated deformations. An elastic potential that is based on the notion of the effective behavior of loaded polymer chains was used to describe the elastic properties of the material taking into account the Mullins softening effect. The viscoelastic behavior of the nanocomposite under study was described in the framework of the previously described thermodynamic model. The Mullins softening effect was taken into account in both elastic and dissipative terms of the Cauchy stress tensor. The obtained data demonstrate that the consideration of this effect has a considerable effect on the dissipative component of the stress tensor.

Keywords

viscoelasticityfinite strainsgraphenepolyurethaneMullins softening effectincreasing amplitude of deformation

Bibliography

  1. 1.Mullins, L. Effect of stretching on the properties of rubber, 1948, Rubber Chemistry and Technology, 21(1), pp. 281-300. doi: 10.5254/1.3546914 Scholar
  2. 2.Diani, J., Fayolle, B., Gilormini, P. A review on the Mullins effect, 2009, European Polymer Journal, 45(3), pp. 601-612. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.11.017 Scholar
  3. 3.Plagge J., Ricker A., Kröger N.H., Wriggers P., Klüppel M. Efficient modeling of filled rubber assuming stress-induced microscopic restructurization, 2020, International Journal of Engineering Science, 151, p. 103291. doi: 10.1016/j.ijengsci.2020.103291 Scholar
  4. 4.Simo, J.C. On a fully three-dimensional finite-strain viscoelastic damage model: Formulation and computational aspects, 1987, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 60(2), pp. 153-173. doi: 10.1016/0045-7825(87)90107-1 Scholar
  5. 5.Miehe, C. Discontinuous and continuous damage evolution in Ogden-type large-strain elastic materials, 1995, European journal of mechanics. A. Solids, 14(5), pp. 697-720. Scholar
  6. 6.Miehe, C., Keck, J. Superimposed finite elastic–viscoelastic–plastoelastic stress response with damage in filled rubbery polymers. Experiments, modelling and algorithmic implementation, 2000, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 48(2), pp. 323-365. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5096(99)00017-4 Scholar
  7. 7.Chagnon, G., Verron, E., Gornet, L., Marckmann, G., Charrier, P. On the relevance of Continuum Damage Mechanics as applied to the Mullins effect in elastomers, 2004, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 52(7), pp. 1627-1650. doi: 10.1016/j.jmps.2003.12.006 Scholar
  8. 8.Ogden, R.W., Roxburgh, D.G. A pseudo-elastic model for the Mullins effect in filled rubber, 1999, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 455(1988), pp. 2861-2877. doi: 10.1098/rspa.1999.0431 Scholar
  9. 9.Dorfmann, A., Ogden, R.W. A pseudo-elastic model for loading, partial unloading and reloading of particle reinforced rubber, 2003, International Journal of Solids and Structures, 40(11), pp. 2699-2714. doi: 10.1016/S0020-7683(03)00089-1 Scholar
  10. 10.Wrubleskiand, E.G.M., Marczak, R.J. A study on the inclusion of softening behavior in hyperelastic incompressible constitutive models, 2015, Constitutive Models for Rubbers IX, pp. 81-85. Scholar
Download PDF

Article information

Published
23 June 2023
Issue date
23 June 2023
Issue
No. 2 (2023)
Share