Mechanical behavior of polyurethane composites with nanosized fillers

K.A. Mokhireva, A.L. Svistkov, V.V. Shadrin, A.K. Sokolov, A.P. Voznyakovskii, A.Yu. Neverovskaya

Author details

K.A. Mokhireva
Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics UB RAS, Perm, Russian Federation; Perm State University, Perm, Russian Federation
A.L. Svistkov
Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics UB RAS, Perm, Russian Federation
V.V. Shadrin
Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics UB RAS, Perm, Russian Federation
A.K. Sokolov
Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics UB RAS, Perm, Russian Federation
A.P. Voznyakovskii
S.V. Lebedev Synthetic Rubber Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
A.Yu. Neverovskaya
S.V. Lebedev Synthetic Rubber Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation

https://doi.org/10.15593/perm.mech/2023.2.13

This paper reports the results of a study on the structure and properties of elastomeric nanocomposites based on polyurethane, which is of special interest due to its heterogeneous structure. So, the unfilled polyurethane also can be considered as a nanocomposite with complex mechanical behavior. Our study was performed on unfilled polyurethane and polyurethane filled with carbon particles of various morphologies: 1) few-layer graphene; 2) multi-walled carbon nanotubes; 3) diamond charge (detonation nanodiamonds). The content of filler in composites was 0.5 and 4 phr. Analysis of the mechanical behavior of the materials under consideration was carried out on the basis of the results of classical uniaxial tensile tests and cyclic experiments with increasing amplitude of deformation. The results obtained demonstrated that the incorporation of even a small filler amount in a polyurethane matrix leads to a significant change in the mechanical properties of the material. First of all, the stiffness of the material decreases in all cases. Secondly, the rupture (tensile failure) of the filled material significantly increases (almost in all cases) as compared to the unfilled polyurethane. The true stresses in some materials also increase at the time of sample’s rupture. A series of tearing tests were performed to gain a deep insight into the peculiarities of the failure mechanisms of materials. It was established that an increase in the macro-fracture of the unfilled material (until its rupture) is insignificant. In the materials reinforced with nanofillers, the growth of macrofractures takes a longer time, and they propagate to a much greater extent. Numerical calculations were carried out to give an explanation for the reduction in the polyurethane stiffness and the macrofracture growth retardation when the filler is added to polyurethane. It was hypothesized that a soft interfacial layer is formed near the particle surface. Furthermore, the finite element model proposed here can be used to explain the growth of deformations at the moment of rupture for filled polyurethane systems.

Keywords

segmented polyurethanelow-layered graphenediamond charge (detonation nanodiamonds)multiwalled carbon nanotubeslow filler contentuniaxial mechanical teststear experimentsnumerical calculations.

МЕХАНИЧЕСКОЕ ПОВЕДЕНИЕ ПОЛИУРЕТАНОВЫХ КОМПОЗИТОВ С НАНОРАЗМЕРНЫМИ НАПОЛНИТЕЛЯМИ

Представлены результаты работ по исследованию структуры и свойств эластомерных нанокомпозитов на основе полиуретана. Данный материал интересен тем, что он сам имеет неоднородное строение. Поэтому ненаполненный материал можно рассматривать как нанокомпозит со сложным механическим поведением. Кроме того, были исследованы полиуретаны, наполненные углеродными частицами различной морфологии: 1) малослойный графен; 2) многослойные углеродные нанотрубки; 3) алмазная шихта (детонационные наноалмазы). Содержание наполнителя в композитах составляло 0,5 и 4 массовых частей (м. ч. на 100 массовых частей матрицы). Анализ механического поведения рассматриваемых материалов проводился по результатам классических одноосных испытаний до разрыва и циклических экспериментов с возрастающими амплитудами деформирования. Согласно полученным данным было установлено, что даже небольшое введение наполнителя в полиуретановую матрицу приводит к существенному изменению механических свойств. Во-первых, во всех случаях происходит уменьшение жесткости материала. Во-вторых, значительно возрастают разрывные деформации материалов с наполнителем (почти во всех случаях) по сравнению с полиуретаном без наполнителя. Для понимания особенностей механизма разрушения материалов проводился цикл испытаний на раздир. Установлено, что в материале без наполнителя макроразрыв незначительно увеличивает свой размер до момента разрушения. В материалах с нанонаполнителями значительно дольше шел рост макроразрывов и на значительно большую величину происходило их прорастание. Были проведены численные расчеты для объяснения эффекта уменьшения жесткости полиуретана и замедления роста макроразрыва при введении в него наполнителя. Выдвигалась гипотеза, что около поверхности частиц образуется мягкий межфазный слой. В рамках предложенной нами конечно-элементной модели удалось также объяснить рост разрывных деформаций для наполненных полиуретановых систем.

Ключевые слова

сегментированный полиуретанмалослойный графеналмазная шихта (детонационные алмазы)многослойные углеродные трубкималая доля наполненияодноосные механические испытанияэксперименты на раздирчисленные расчеты.

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Article information

Published: 23 June 2023
Issue date: 23 June 2023
Issue: No. 2 (2023)