Changes in the morphology of microcracks under rock loading

Author details
  • Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
  • Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
  • National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russian Federation
  • National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russian Federation
  • National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russian Federation

Abstract

This study directly observed and analyzed the morphology of microcracks forming in a rock specimen under uniaxial compressive loading. Berea sandstone and Westerly granite were chosen as the study materials. The specimens had a cylindrical shape (d = 10 mm, h = 20 mm). X-ray computed microtomography was used to detect defects in the volume. A unique feature of the experiments was that the tomographic imaging was performed while the specimen was under load. A special portable loading device was developed for this purpose. It provided the required load, was placed in the tomograph chamber, and did not interfere with the measurements. Tomographic measurements were performed on a MICROTOM cone-beam X-ray microtomograph, developed and manufactured at the National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute". Based on the analysis of tomographic images, the fractal dimension (using the box counting method) and the relative volume of microcracks at three loading stages were calculated. It was found that both parameters increase with increasing load. Three-dimensional models of the defect structure were constructed, which illustrate the change in the morphology of the main crack. It was established that at the final stage of failure, the morphology of cracks formed in Berea sandstone and Westerly granite is similar. Using the discrete element model, numerical experiments on the failure of heterogeneous material specimens were conducted. Changes in the correlation fractal dimension of defect clusters during their growth were studied. Computer experiments made it possible to identify details of the formation of fractal structures of main cracks. Good agreement between the results of the laboratory and computer experiments allows us to conclude that the proposed model is adequate and capable of describing the structure of a developing crack.

Keywords

rock destructionmicrocrack morphologyX-ray computed microtomographydefect evolutioncomputer modelingdiscrete element methodfractal dimension

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Article information

Published
12 January 2026
Issue date
12 January 2026
Issue
Vol. 26, No. 1 (2026)
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