The use of additive technologies in the creation of rock samples analogues

Author details
  • Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russian Federation
  • Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russian Federation
  • China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
  • China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China

Abstract

Rocks are inherently heterogeneous. Two rock samples with identical bulk properties can have significantly different microstructures. Spatial variability and heterogeneity of reservoirs necessitate the acquisition of expensive cores from multiple locations. Laboratory experiments on rock samples are designed to understand and characterize geological features, quantify potential production, and fine-tune fluid flow models in porous media. These experiments are mechanically and petrophysically destructive and cannot be repeated or expanded on the same core. Creating replicas of core samples using innovative 3D printing technology reduces the cost of obtaining rock samples and enables repeatability and scalability of experiments. 3D printers enable the repeated creation of rock void geometry, both actual distributions (e.g., CT images or outcrop photographs) and any type of geometric model (e.g., a geometric network or stochastic heterogeneity of petrophysical properties). This article provides an overview of additive technologies for creating rock specimen replicas, which have received the most extensive international coverage to date. The creation and use of such 3D printed models opens up new possibilities for studying various phenomena observed during fluid flow in porous media and fracture networks, including at the microscale. The results of comprehensive studies conducted to date demonstrate that 3D printed rock specimen replicas have the potential to become accurate, inexpensive, and adaptable samples for laboratory research in the oil and gas sector.

Keywords

additive technologiesadditive manufacturing3D printing3DP modelsSLA printingcoredigital coremicro-CT scanningpermeabilitywettabilitygeomechanicscore studiescore filtration studiesfracture networkroughnessphoto-curable resinsmicromodeldigital modeling

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Article information

Published
12 January 2026
Issue date
12 January 2026
Issue
Vol. 26, No. 1 (2026)
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