On the chemical affinity tensor in chemo-mechanics of deformable solids
Author details
- Institute for Problems in Mechanical Engineering of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
- Institute for Problems in Mechanical Engineering of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
Abstract
In this paper, an expression of the chemical affinity tensor for chemical reactions in a deformable body is derived. The reaction between diffusing and deformable solid components is considered. The reaction product is also a deformable solid material. The reaction is accompanied by the transformation strain. For an open system "deformable and diffusing components" in which a chemical reaction is localized at the reaction front, for the case of finite deformations, the balances of mass, linear momentum, energy and the second law of thermodynamics in the form of the Clausius–Duhem inequality are written down. A parameter is introduced that characterizes the degree of participation in the reaction of the diffusing component located on different sides of the reaction front. As a result, an expression is derived for the entropy production due to a chemical reaction at the propagating reaction front. The corresponding expression for energy dissipation has the form of the product of the normal component of the tensor, which has the meaning of the chemical affinity tensor, by the reaction rate at the oriented area element of the front. The expression follows from the fundamental laws without using constituting equations of the reaction components. The chemical affinity tensor is equal to a linear combination of the chemical potential tensors of the of the solid components of the reaction, equal to the energy-momentum tensors of Eshelby divided by the density of the material, and the chemical potential of the diffusing component. The tensorial nature of the chemical affinity is explained by the fact that the reaction occurs not at a point in the deformable body, but on an oriented area element passing through the point, just as a traction in a non-hydrostatically stressed body determined by a stress tensor, acts at the area element, unlike pressure at a point in a hydrostatic case. From the point of view of the mechanics of configuration forces, the affinity tensor determines the configuration force driving the propagation of the reaction front. The consistency of the result is confirmed by the coincidence with the classical expression of scalar affinity in the case of a hydrostatically stressed body. The derived expression of the affinity tensor makes it possible to formulate a kinetic equation for the reaction in which the stress-strain state affects the reaction through affinity. This equation is the closing equation for the coupled problem "chemistry–diffusion–mechanics". The importance of the result is also due to promising use in modeling volumetric chemical reactions which occurs at the meso-level on propagating reaction fronts.
Keywords
О ТЕНЗОРЕ ХИМИЧЕСКОГО СРОДСТВА В ХЕМОМЕХАНИКЕ ДЕФОРМИРУЕМЫХ ТЕЛ
Выводится выражение тензора химического сродства для химических реакций в деформируемом теле. Рассматривается реакция между диффундирующим и деформируемым твердым компонентами. Продукт реакции также является деформируемым твердым материалом. Реакция сопровождается собственной деформацией превращения. Для открытой системы «деформируемые и диффундирующая компоненты», в которой протекает химическая реакция, локализованная на фронте реакции, для случая конечных деформаций записываются балансы массы, импульса, энергии и второй закон термодинамики в виде неравенства Клаузиуса – Дюгема. Вводится параметр, характеризующий степень участия в реакции диффундирующего компонента, расположенного по разные стороны фронта реакции. В результате выводится выражение для производства энтропии вследствие химической реакции на распространяющемся фронте реакции. Соответствующее выражение для диссипации энергии имеет вид произведения нормальной компоненты тензора, имеющего смысл тензора химического сродства, на скорость реакции на ориентированной площадке фронта. Выражение следует из фундаментальных законов без использования определяющих соотношений компонентов реакции. Тензор сродства равен линейной комбинации тензоров химического потенциала твердых компонентов реакции, равных тензорам энергии-импульса Эшелби, деленным на плотности материала, и химического потенциала диффундирующего компонента. Тензорность сродства объясняется протеканием реакции не в точке деформируемого тела, а на ориентированной площадке, проходящей через точку, подобно тому, как усилия в негидростатически напряженном теле, в отличие от давления в точке, рассматривают на ориентированных площадках и определяют тензором напряжений. С точки зрения механики конфигурационных сил тензор сродства определяет конфигурационную силу, управляющую распространением фронта реакции. Непротиворечивость результата подтверждается совпадением с классическим выражением сканлорного сродства в случае гидростатически напряженного тела. Выведенное выражение тензора сродства дает возможность сформулировать кинетическое уравнение для реакции, в котором напряженно-деформированное состояние влияет на реакцию через сродство. Это уравнение является замыкающим для связанной задачи «химия – диффузия – механика». Важность результата обусловлена также возможностью его использования при моделировании объемных химических реакций, которые на мезоуровне протекают на распространяющихся фронтах реакции.
Ключевые слова
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Article information
- Published
- 17 December 2025
- Issue date
- 17 December 2025
- Issue
- No. 5 (2025)